Explore the pivotal 2024 presidential election in Sri Lanka, focusing on the Election Commission’s role in ensuring a fair and transparent process amid the country’s socio-economic crisis.
The upcoming 2024 presidential election in Sri Lanka is a pivotal moment for the nation, as it seeks to navigate through a severe socio-economic crisis and restore public trust in its political institutions. At the heart of this democratic process is the Election Commission, tasked with ensuring a fair, transparent, and efficient election. This article delves into the various facets of the 2024 election, the role of the Election Commission, and the broader implications for Sri Lanka’s future.
Background of Sri Lanka’s Political Landscape
Historical Context
Sri Lanka’s political history is marked by a mix of democratic transitions and periods of unrest. Since gaining independence in 1948, the country has experienced numerous elections, political reforms, and a prolonged civil war that ended in 2009. Understanding this context is crucial to comprehending the current political climate and the significance of the 2024 presidential election.
Key Political Parties
The political arena in Sri Lanka is dominated by several key parties, including the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP), the United National Party (UNP), and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB). Each of these parties has its unique ideology, voter base, and historical influence, all of which play a significant role in shaping the election dynamics.
Other articles published on our website about the 2024 Sri Lankan Presidential Election
August 15, 2024
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Candidates for the 2024 Sri Lankan Presidential Election that placed cash deposits
Ranil Wickremesinghe (75)
- Political Office and Constituency: Current President of Sri Lanka (since 2022), Leader of the United National Party (since 1994), Former Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1993–1994, 2001–2004, 2015–2018, 2018-2019, 2022)
- Endorsements: United National Party, Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, Eelam People’s Democratic Party
- Notes: Previously ran in 1999 and 2005
Sajith Premadasa (57)
- Political Office and Constituency: Current Leader of the Opposition (since 2019), Leader of the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (since 2020)
- Endorsements: Samagi Jana Balawegaya, Freedom People’s Congress, Sri Lanka Freedom Party (Dayasiri faction), Sri Lanka Muslim Congress, Up-Country People’s Front, United People’s Freedom Alliance
- Notes: Previously ran in 2019
Anura Kumara Dissanayake (55)
- Political Office and Constituency: Former Minister and Chief Opposition Whip (2015–2018), Leader of the National People’s Power (since 2015), Leader of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (since 2014)
- Endorsements: Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
- Notes: Previously ran in 2019
Field Marshal Sarath Fonseka (73)
- Political Office and Constituency: 18th Commander of the Sri Lanka Army (2005–2009), Former Minister of Regional Development (2016–2018) and Minister of Wildlife and Sustainable Development (2018)
- Endorsements: Independent
- Notes: Previously ran in 2010
Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe (65)
- Political Office and Constituency: Former Minister of Justice (2022–2024), Former Minister of Buddha Sasana (2015–2017), Minister of Higher Education (2018), Minister of Education (2018)
- Endorsements: National Democratic Front, Sri Lanka Freedom Party (Sirisena faction)
P. W. S. K. Bandaranayake
- Political Office and Constituency:
- Endorsements: Jathika Sanwardhana Peramuna
Nuwan Bopage
- Political Office and Constituency: Human rights lawyer, Aragalaya activist
- Endorsements: People’s Struggle Alliance, Frontline Socialist Party, New Democratic Marxist–Leninist Party
Oshala Herath (47)
- Political Office and Constituency: Social activist, Public Interest Litigant, CEO of the Lankan People, Chairman of New Independent Front
- Endorsements: New Independent Front
Siritunga Jayasuriya
- Political Office and Constituency: Perennial candidate
- Endorsements: United Socialist Party
Dilith Jayaweera
- Political Office and Constituency: Chairman of the George Steuart Group, Derana Macro Entertainment (Television), Derana Macro Entertainment (Radio), and Liberty Publishers, Former Director of Citrus Leisure PLC, Colombo Land and Development PLC, Joint Managing Director – Triad (Pvt) Ltd
- Endorsements: Mawbima Janatha Pakshaya, Sarvajana Balaya
Sarath Keerthirathna (73)
- Political Office and Constituency: Former Deputy Minister
- Endorsements: Independent
- Notes: Previously ran in 2019
A. S. P. Liyanage
- Political Office and Constituency: Perennial candidate
- Endorsements: Sri Lanka Labour Party
- Notes: Previously ran in 2010, 2015, and 2019
K. K. Piyadasa
- Political Office and Constituency:
- Endorsements: Independent
Janaka Ratnayake (59)
- Political Office and Constituency: Former Chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (2021–2023), Chairman and CEO of Trillium Property Management & Services Limited (since 2014)
- Endorsements: Independent
Battaramulle Seelarathana Thero
- Political Office and Constituency: Perennial candidate
- Endorsements: Janasetha Peramuna
- Notes: Previously ran in 2010, 2015, and 2019
Ajantha de Zoysa
- Political Office and Constituency:
- Endorsements: Ruhunu Janatha Party
Presidential Election in Sri Lanka
In accordance with the Presidential Elections Act, No. 15 of 1981, the Election Commission is mandated by the Constitution to conduct the Presidential election. This must occur on a date not less than one month and not more than two months before the end of the President’s term. Alternatively, it can be conducted if the President expresses the intention to hold a Presidential Election.
Presidential Elections Act, No 15 of 1981:
- Enacted on: 12th March 1981
Presidential Elections (Amendment) Act, No 16 of 1988:
- Enacted on: 24th May 1988 (Available only in Sinhala)
Elections (Special Provisions) Act, No 35 of 1988:
- Enacted on: 21st October 1988 (Available only in Sinhala)
Elections (Special Provisions) Act, No 14 of 2004:
- Enacted on: 18th November 2004
Elections (Special Provisions) Act, No 28 of 2011:
- Enacted on: 25th May 2011
Qualifications to Be President in Sri Lanka
To qualify for the presidency in Sri Lanka, as stated in Article 31 of the Constitution, a person must be:
- A citizen of Sri Lanka
- Nominated as a candidate by a recognized political party or an elected member of the legislature
Role of the Election Commission Under the 20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment to the Constitution, passed in October 2020, brought significant changes to the Election Commission:
- The Constitutional Council was abolished.
- The Election Commission is now appointed by the President after consulting the Parliamentary Council.
- The number of members in the Election Commission was increased from 3 to 5.
- The 19th Amendment’s provisions preventing the use of state property for electioneering purposes were retained.
- Media outlets, including private ones, must adhere to media guidelines issued by the Election Commission during the election period.
- The 20th Amendment also resolved quorum issues that arose under the 19th Amendment.
The Socio-Economic Crisis in Sri Lanka
Origins of the Crisis
The socio-economic crisis in Sri Lanka began around 2019, exacerbated by a combination of poor governance, fiscal mismanagement, and external shocks such as the 2019 Easter bombings and the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors have led to unprecedented levels of inflation, shortages of essential goods, and a near depletion of foreign exchange reserves.
Current State of the Crisis
As of 2024, the economic situation remains dire, with many Sri Lankans facing severe hardships. Protests and public dissent are widespread, reflecting the populace’s frustration with the government’s handling of the crisis. This backdrop of economic instability significantly influences the upcoming election.
Role of the Election Commission
Formation and Structure
The Election Commission of Sri Lanka was established to oversee and administer all elections in the country. It operates as an independent body, ensuring that the electoral process is conducted impartially and transparently.
Responsibilities and Functions
The Commission’s duties include voter registration, monitoring campaign activities, ensuring compliance with election laws, and addressing electoral disputes. Its role is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
Preparations for the 2024 Election
Voter Registration
Ensuring a comprehensive and accurate voter registry is a primary task for the Election Commission. This involves updating voter lists, facilitating voter registration drives, and implementing measures to include marginalized groups.
Campaign Regulations
The Commission is responsible for enforcing campaign finance laws, regulating political advertising, and ensuring equal media access for all candidates. These measures are vital to maintaining a level playing field.
Challenges Facing the Election Commission
Ensuring Fairness and Transparency
The Election Commission must navigate numerous challenges, including allegations of bias, political pressure, and potential interference. Upholding fairness and transparency is essential for the credibility of the election.
Handling Political Pressure
In a highly polarized environment, the Commission must resist pressures from political entities seeking to influence the electoral process. This requires robust institutional safeguards and a commitment to impartiality.
Key Candidates and Their Platforms
Leading Contenders
The 2024 presidential race features several prominent candidates, each with their unique platforms and visions for Sri Lanka. Key contenders include representatives from the SLPP, UNP, and SJB, among others.
Major Campaign Promises
Candidates are focusing on issues such as economic recovery, anti-corruption measures, and national security. These promises aim to address the pressing concerns of the electorate and offer a path forward from the current crisis.
Public Sentiment and Voter Concerns
Economic Hardships
The ongoing economic crisis is at the forefront of voter concerns. Many citizens are looking for candidates who can provide viable solutions to alleviate their financial struggles and stabilize the economy.
Trust in Political Institutions
Public trust in political institutions has been severely eroded. Rebuilding this trust is a significant challenge for all candidates and a critical factor in the election’s outcome.
Impact of the 2024 Election on Sri Lanka
Potential Economic Reforms
The outcome of the 2024 election could lead to significant economic reforms. Candidates’ proposed policies on fiscal management, foreign investment, and social welfare will play a crucial role in shaping Sri Lanka’s economic future.
Prospects for Political Stability
A successful and fair election could help restore political stability in Sri Lanka. This stability is essential for addressing long-term socio-economic issues and fostering national unity.
Election Commission’s Efforts to Improve Voter Confidence
Anti-Corruption Measures
The Commission has introduced stringent anti-corruption measures to ensure that the electoral process is free from undue influence. These efforts are aimed at enhancing public confidence in the election’s integrity.
Voter Education Programs
Educating voters about their rights and the electoral process is a priority for the Election Commission. Initiatives such as public awareness campaigns and informational workshops are being implemented to empower voters.
International Observations and Support
Role of International Bodies
International organizations play a crucial role in monitoring the election process. Their presence helps ensure that the election meets global standards for fairness and transparency.
Foreign Aid and Expertise
Sri Lanka has received support from various countries and international bodies to improve its electoral infrastructure. This assistance includes financial aid, technical expertise, and logistical support.
Comparative Analysis with Previous Elections
Lessons Learned
Analyzing past elections provides valuable insights into potential pitfalls and areas for improvement. The Election Commission is leveraging these lessons to enhance the 2024 electoral process.
Changes Implemented
Several reforms have been implemented based on previous election experiences. These changes aim to address past shortcomings and improve the overall efficiency and fairness of the election.
Future of Sri Lanka’s Democracy
Long-Term Goals
The Election Commission’s long-term goals include strengthening democratic institutions, promoting civic engagement, and ensuring sustained political stability in Sri Lanka.
Potential Reforms
Looking ahead, there are calls for further electoral reforms to enhance transparency, accountability, and inclusivity. These reforms are essential for the continued development of Sri Lanka’s democracy.
Election Commission of Sri Lanka
The Election Commission of Sri Lanka was established through the 17th Amendment to the Constitution, passed in 2001. This Amendment proposed the formation of seven independent commissions, including the Elections Commission. The members of these commissions, including their Chairpersons, were to be recommended by the Constitutional Council. No appointments could be made by the President without the recommendations of this Council. If the President failed to appoint the recommended individuals within 14 days, they were deemed appointed.
Despite these provisions, the Election Commission was not established under the 17th Amendment due to issues with appointing individuals recommended by the Constitutional Council. Furthermore, the Constitutional Council itself faced problems, preventing the appointment of the Election Commission. Initially, the Election Commission was to consist of five members with a quorum of three.
The 18th Amendment replaced the Constitutional Council with a Parliamentary Council and reduced the number of Election Commission members to three. This allowed the President to appoint members without needing the Parliamentary Council’s recommendation. However, the 19th Amendment, passed in 2015, restored some independence to the Election Commission by ensuring appointments were based on the recommendations of the Constitutional Council. This amendment retained the three-member composition and the quorum of three. The amendment also specified that members should include two individuals who have excelled in administration and education and a retired officer of the Department of Elections.
Members of the Election Commission cannot be Members of Parliament, Provincial Councils, Local Authorities, Judicial Service, or Public Officers. Their term of office is five years, and their removal follows the same procedure as removing a judge from the Supreme Court or Court of Appeal.
The Department of Elections, which operated since 1955, was terminated on November 17, 2015, with its powers and resources transferred to the new Elections Commission. This transition did not create issues with staff or physical resources. The entire staff of the Department of Elections was transferred to the Elections Commission, maintaining their entitlements and privileges.
Objectives and Powers of the Election Commission
The main objective of the Election Commission, as stated in Article 103 (2) of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, is to conduct free and fair elections and referendums. The Commission is empowered to conduct elections, prepare annual voter registers, and enforce relevant laws as per Article 104 B (1). The 19th Amendment further enhanced the Commission’s powers, including special provisions for using state resources and media during elections, preventing the misuse of public property for electioneering, and overseeing the election process with the support of police and armed forces.
Key powers of the Election Commission include:
- Special provisions for appointing members.
- Use of state resources for election work.
- Finality of decisions and special immunity from litigation.
- Prohibition of using state property for propaganda.
- Issuing media guidelines during elections.
- Preventing undue influence on elections when Parliament is dissolved.
- Ensuring a conducive environment for fair elections.
The Election Commission also has the authority to appoint a Commissioner of Elections with the concurrence of the Constitutional Council. The Commissioner General of Elections implements the Commission’s decisions and can hold office up to the age of 65, subject to removal only with Parliament’s approval.
First Appointment of the Election Commission
The first three-member Election Commission was appointed on November 13, 2015, consisting of Mr. Mahinda Deshapriya (Chairman), President’s Counsel Mr. N.J. Nalin Abeysekera, and Prof. S. Ratnajeewan H. Hoole. The Commission’s first meeting was held on November 17, 2015.
Elections Conducted by the Election Commission
The Election Commission is responsible for conducting several types of elections in Sri Lanka, including:
- Presidential Elections: Held not less than one month and not more than two months before the end of the President’s term (5 years) or when the President requests a mandate after 4 years in office.
- Parliamentary Elections: Held to elect members of Parliament.
- Provincial Council Elections: Held to elect members of provincial councils.
- Local Government Elections: Held to elect members of local authorities.
Qualifications and Disqualifications for Presidential Candidates
Qualifications:
- Must be a Sri Lankan citizen.
- Must be over 30 years of age.
- Must be an eligible elector or possess qualifications to be an elector.
- Must not be subject to disqualifications under Article 91 of the Constitution.
- If nominated by a political party, must be a sitting or former Member of Parliament.
- Must not have been elected to the office of the President twice.
Disqualifications:
- Lack of any of the above qualifications.
- Subject to disqualifications under Article 91 of the Constitution.
- Subject to disqualifications under Article 89 of the Constitution.
Postal Voting
Postal voting is available for members of the armed services, police personnel, government and central bank employees engaged in election duties, employees of the Department of Prisons, and those in essential services.
Polling Station Procedures
- The first officer verifies the identity document and directs the elector if satisfied.
- The second officer checks the official poll card and announces the elector’s name and serial number.
- The third officer applies indelible ink to the elector’s finger and issues the ballot paper.
- The elector marks the ballot in a private booth and places it in the ballot box.
Access to Polling Stations
Only voters, poll officers, security personnel, Assistant Returning Officers, polling agents, approved poll observers, candidates, and in some cases, secretaries of political parties, can enter polling stations on election day.
Referendum Act No 07 of 1981
When the President declares a referendum via gazette notification, the Election Commission must conduct it on a date not less than 30 days after the declaration.
Goals of the Election Commission
- Ensure all qualified citizens exercise their franchise freely and fairly.
- Promote active participation in the electoral process.
- Ensure equal opportunities for all candidates.
- Maintain an updated electoral register.
- Include marginalized groups in the electoral process.
- Administer elections efficiently and transparently.
- Provide data and information on the electoral process to stakeholders.
Conclusion
The 2024 presidential election in Sri Lanka represents a critical juncture in the nation’s history. Amid a severe socio-economic crisis, the role of the Election Commission is pivotal in ensuring a fair and transparent electoral process. As Sri Lanka prepares to cast its votes, the integrity of the election will depend significantly on the Election Commission’s ability to manage the electoral process impartially and address the myriad challenges that arise. The election’s outcome will not only influence immediate political stability but also shape the future trajectory of Sri Lanka’s economic recovery and democratic development.
FAQs
- What is the role of the Election Commission in Sri Lanka’s presidential elections? The Election Commission oversees and administers the election process to ensure it is conducted fairly and transparently. Its responsibilities include voter registration, monitoring campaign activities, enforcing election laws, and addressing disputes.
- How are candidates for the presidential election selected in Sri Lanka? Candidates must be Sri Lankan citizens and are typically nominated by recognized political parties or, in some cases, can run as independents. They must meet certain qualifications outlined in the Constitution.
- What are the key responsibilities of the Election Commission under the 20th Amendment? The 20th Amendment increased the number of Election Commission members, abolished the Constitutional Council, and gave the President the authority to appoint members after consulting the Parliamentary Council. It also retained provisions to prevent misuse of state resources during elections.
- What impact does Sri Lanka’s socio-economic crisis have on the 2024 presidential election? The ongoing crisis has heightened voter concerns about economic recovery and governance. Candidates’ promises and the election’s outcome will be closely scrutinized in light of the current economic hardships and public dissatisfaction.
- How does the Election Commission ensure the integrity of the election process? The Election Commission implements stringent anti-corruption measures, educates voters, and adheres to media guidelines to maintain fairness. It also benefits from international observation and support to ensure adherence to global standards.
- Who are the key candidates in the 2024 presidential election? Key candidates include representatives from major parties like the SLPP, UNP, and SJB, each offering different visions for addressing Sri Lanka’s challenges
- What measures are being taken to ensure a fair election?The Election Commission is enforcing campaign finance laws, regulating political advertising, and implementing anti-corruption measures to maintain election integrity.
- How can voters stay informed about the election process?Voters can stay informed through public awareness campaigns, informational workshops, and reliable news sources, as well as the Election Commission’s official communications.